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The trading statement is an expanded version of sales portion of the Income statement. The trading statement's main objective is to determine sales, cost of sales and gross profit . [ 1 ] The trading statement is part of effective book keeping within the accounting discipline .
Cost of goods sold (COGS) (also cost of products sold (COPS), or cost of sales [1]) is the carrying value of goods sold during a particular period. Costs are associated with particular goods using one of the several formulas, including specific identification, first-in first-out (FIFO), or average cost.
In insurance, the insurance policy is a contract (generally a standard form contract) between the insurer and the policyholder, which determines the claims which the insurer is legally required to pay. In exchange for an initial payment, known as the premium, the insurer promises to pay for loss caused by perils covered under the policy language.
So APE is a measure to normalize the single premium payments to the recurring payment premium equivalent. This helps in comparing the sales accurately. A common approach taken by insurance companies is to take 100% of regular premiums, being the annual premiums received for a policy, and 10% of single premiums.
For insurance, the loss ratio is the ratio of total losses incurred (paid and reserved) in claims plus adjustment expenses divided by the total premiums earned. [1] For example, if an insurance company pays $60 in claims for every $100 in collected premiums, then its loss ratio is 60% with a profit ratio/gross margin of 40% or $40.
Variable costs as a percentage of sales are equal to 100% minus the contribution margin ratio. Thus, in the above income statement, the variable costs are 60% (100% - 40%) of sales, or $648,000 ($1,080,000 X 60%). The total contribution margin $432,000, can also be computed directly by multiplying the sales by the contribution margin ratio ...
Life expectancy. Minimum payout as % of face value (minus outstanding loans) Less than 6 months. 80%. 6 months to less than 12 months. 70%. 12 months to less than 18 months
The following are fundamental terms that are commonly used in rate making. A rate "is the price per unit of insurance for each exposure unit, which is the unit of measurement used in insurance pricing". The exposure unit is used to establish insurance premiums by examining parallel groups. [1]