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In the case of nitration of benzene, the reaction is conducted at a warm temperature, not exceeding 50 °C. [6] The process is one example of electrophilic aromatic substitution, which involves the attack by the electron-rich benzene ring: Alternative mechanisms have also been proposed, including one involving single electron transfer (SET). [7 ...
The nitration of benzene is achieved via the action of the nitronium ion as the electrophile. The sulfonation with fuming sulfuric acid gives benzenesulfonic acid. Aromatic halogenation with bromine, chlorine, or iodine gives the corresponding aryl halides. This reaction is typically catalyzed by the corresponding iron or aluminum trihalide.
This reaction is similar to nucleophilic aliphatic substitution where the reactant is a nucleophile rather than an electrophile. The four possible electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction mechanisms are S E 1, S E 2(front), S E 2(back) and S E i (Substitution Electrophilic), which are also similar to the nucleophile counterparts S N 1 and ...
The Wolffenstein–Böters reaction is an organic reaction converting benzene to picric acid by a mixture of aqueous nitric acid and mercury(II) nitrate. [1] [2] [3] The reaction, which involves simultaneous nitration and oxidation, was first reported by the German chemists Richard Wolffenstein and Oskar Böters in 1906. [4] The Wolffenstein ...
Nitrobenzene is prepared by nitration of benzene with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid, water, and nitric acid. This mixture is sometimes called "mixed acid." The production of nitrobenzene is one of the most dangerous processes conducted in the chemical industry because of the exothermicity of the reaction (ΔH = −117 kJ/mol). [5] +
Benzene is sufficiently nucleophilic that it undergoes substitution by acylium ions and alkyl carbocations to give substituted derivatives. Electrophilic aromatic substitution of benzene. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Approximately 24,700,000 tons were produced in 1999. [73]
The nitration product produced on the largest scale, by far, is nitrobenzene. Many explosives are produced by nitration including trinitrophenol (picric acid), trinitrotoluene (TNT), and trinitroresorcinol (styphnic acid). [3] Another but more specialized method for making aryl–NO 2 group starts from halogenated phenols, is the Zinke nitration.
Dinitrobenzenes are nitrobenzenes composed of a benzene ring and two nitro group (-NO 2) substituents.The three possible arrangements of the nitro groups afford three isomers, 1,2-dinitrobenzene, 1,3-dinitrobenzene, and 1,4-dinitrobenzene.