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Fish retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some are sensitive to polarised light. Among jawless fishes, the lamprey [1] has well-developed eyes, while the hagfish has only primitive eyespots. [2]
The four pigments in a bird's cone cells (in this example, estrildid finches) extend the range of color vision into the ultraviolet. [1]Tetrachromacy (from Greek tetra, meaning "four" and chroma, meaning "color") is the condition of possessing four independent channels for conveying color information, or possessing four types of cone cell in the eye.
Fish eyes are similar to those of terrestrial vertebrates like birds and mammals, but have a more spherical lens. Their retinas generally have both rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and photopic vision), and most species have colour vision. Some fish can see ultraviolet and some can see polarized light.
Birds, however, can see some red wavelengths, although not as far into the light spectrum as humans. [46] It is a myth that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light; [47] their color vision extends into the ultraviolet but not the infrared. [48]
[21] [22] Although cuttlefish cannot see color, [23] they can perceive the polarization of light, which enhances their perception of contrast. They have two spots of concentrated sensor cells on their retinas (known as foveae), one to look more forward, and one to look more backward. The eye changes focus by shifting the position of the entire ...
However, some fish that use alternative chromophores can extend their LWS opsin sensitivity to 625 nm. [37] The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light [38] is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light. [39]
Cats are limited in their perception of color. Human eyes have 10 times more cone cells than feline eyes, meaning we can see a larger range of colors than cats, according to Purina.
Close-up of fish melanophores. Fish coloration is produced through specialized cells called chromatophores. The dermal chromatophore is a basic color unit in amphibians, reptiles, and fish which has three cell layers: "the xanthophore (contains carotenoid and pteridine pigments), the iridophore (reflects color structurally), and the melanophore (contains melanin)". [5]