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  2. Exponentiation by squaring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation_by_squaring

    The method is based on the observation that, for any integer >, one has: = {() /, /,. If the exponent n is zero then the answer is 1. If the exponent is negative then we can reuse the previous formula by rewriting the value using a positive exponent.

  3. Cross-multiplication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-multiplication

    This is a common procedure in mathematics, used to reduce fractions or calculate a value for a given variable in a fraction. If we have an equation =, where x is a variable we are interested in solving for, we can use cross-multiplication to determine that =.

  4. Algebraic expression - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_expression

    The process of transforming an irrational fraction to a rational fraction is known as rationalization. Every irrational fraction in which the radicals are monomials may be rationalized by finding the least common multiple of the indices of the roots, and substituting the variable for another variable with the least common multiple as exponent.

  5. Algebraic fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_fraction

    A complex fraction is a fraction whose numerator or denominator, or both, contains a fraction. A simple fraction contains no fraction either in its numerator or its denominator. A fraction is in lowest terms if the only factor common to the numerator and the denominator is 1. An expression which is not in fractional form is an integral ...

  6. Partial fraction decomposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_fraction_decomposition

    In algebra, the partial fraction decomposition or partial fraction expansion of a rational fraction (that is, a fraction such that the numerator and the denominator are both polynomials) is an operation that consists of expressing the fraction as a sum of a polynomial (possibly zero) and one or several fractions with a simpler denominator.

  7. Fraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraction

    The reciprocal of a proper fraction is improper, and the reciprocal of an improper fraction not equal to 1 (that is, numerator and denominator are not equal) is a proper fraction. When the numerator and denominator of a fraction are equal (for example, ⁠ 7 / 7 ⁠), its value is 1, and the fraction therefore is improper. Its reciprocal is ...

  8. Exponentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponentiation

    Different values of k give different values of unless w is a rational number, that is, there is an integer d such that dw is an integer. This results from the periodicity of the exponential function, more specifically, that e a = e b {\displaystyle e^{a}=e^{b}} if and only if a − b {\displaystyle a-b} is an integer multiple of 2 π i ...

  9. Heaviside cover-up method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaviside_cover-up_method

    When a partial fraction term has a single (i.e. unrepeated) binomial in the denominator, the numerator is a residue of the function defined by the input fraction. We calculate each respective numerator by (1) taking the root of the denominator (i.e. the value of x that makes the denominator zero) and (2) then substituting this root into the ...