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Traditionally, breastfeeding has been defined as the consumption of breastmilk by any means, be it directly at the breast, or feeding expressed breast milk. [3] When direct feeding at the breast is not possible, expressed breast milk retains many unique nutritional and immunological qualities, and as such remains the gold standard for feeding infants. [4]
Infant feeding is the practice of feeding infants. Breast milk provides the best nutrition when compared to infant formula . Infants are usually introduced to solid foods at around four to six months of age.
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
Establishment of breastfeeding refers to the initiation of providing breast milk of mother to baby. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), [ 2 ] breastfeeding is the best way to provide nourishment, including essential nutrients , energy and antibodies , to infants and toddlers .
Information and educational materials on infant and young child feeding should be objective and consistent and emphasize the importance of breastfeeding. In no case should such materials refer to a brand name of a product. All forms of product advertising and promotion are prohibited. Mothers should not be given free product samples.
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Breastfeeding is also associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes among mothers who practice it. [230] Longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with reduced risk of hypertension. [228] For breastfeeding women, long-term health benefits include reduced risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer.