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In economics. [] In the context of production, a by-product is the "output from a joint production process that is minor in quantity and/or net realizable value (NRV) when compared with the main products ". [ 2 ] Because they are deemed to have no influence on reported financial results, by-products do not receive allocations of joint costs.
A research design typically outlines the theories and models underlying a project; the research question (s) of a project; a strategy for gathering data and information; and a strategy for producing answers from the data. [1] A strong research design yields valid answers to research questions while weak designs yield unreliable, imprecise or ...
Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar competencies as the producers of the work (peers). [1] It functions as a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field. Peer review methods are used to maintain quality standards, improve performance, and provide credibility.
Reproducibility, closely related to replicability and repeatability, is a major principle underpinning the scientific method.For the findings of a study to be reproducible means that results obtained by an experiment or an observational study or in a statistical analysis of a data set should be achieved again with a high degree of reliability when the study is replicated.
Secondary research is contrasted with primary research in that primary research involves the generation of data, whereas secondary research uses primary research sources as a source of data for analysis. [1] A notable marker of primary research is the inclusion of a "methods" section, where the authors describe how the data was generated.
Biomimetics or biomimicry is the emulation of the models, systems, and elements of nature for the purpose of solving complex human problems. [2][3][4] The terms "biomimetics" and "biomimicry" are derived from Ancient Greek: βίος (bios), life, and μίμησις (mīmēsis), imitation, from μιμεῖσθαι (mīmeisthai), to imitate, from ...
Causal research, is the investigation of (research into) cause -relationships. [1][2][3] To determine causality, variation in the variable presumed to influence the difference in another variable (s) must be detected, and then the variations from the other variable (s) must be calculated (s). Other confounding influences must be controlled for ...
Comparative research, simply put, is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to discovering something about one or all of the things being compared. This technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one study. When it comes to method, the majority agreement is that there is no methodology peculiar to comparative research. [1]