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2. Bertrand's box paradox - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_box_paradox

   Bertrand's box paradox is a veridical paradox in elementary probability theory. It was first posed by Joseph Bertrand in his 1889 work Calcul des Probabilités. There are three boxes: a box containing two gold coins, a box containing two silver coins, a box containing one gold coin and one silver coin. A coin withdrawn at random from the three ...

3. Collatz conjecture - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collatz_conjecture

   [7] Jeffrey Lagarias stated in 2010 that the Collatz conjecture "is an extraordinarily difficult problem, completely out of reach of present day mathematics". [8] However, though the Collatz conjecture itself remains open, efforts to solve the problem have led to new techniques and many partial results.

4. Bertrand's ballot theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_ballot_theorem

   The variant problem can be solved by the reflection method in a similar way to the original problem. The number of possible vote sequences is ( p + q q ) {\displaystyle {\tbinom {p+q}{q}}} . Call a sequence "bad" if the second candidate is ever ahead, and if the number of bad sequences can be enumerated then the number of "good" sequences can ...

5. Continued fraction - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continued_fraction

   A finite regular continued fraction, where is a non-negative integer, is an integer, and is a positive integer, for . A continued fraction is a mathematical expression that can be writen as a fraction with a denominator that is a sum that contains another simple or continued fraction. Depending on whether this iteration terminates with a simple ...

6. Middle-square method - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-square_method

   Directed graph of all 100 2-digit pseudorandom numbers obtained using the middle-square method with n = 2. In mathematics and computer science, the middle-square method is a method of generating pseudorandom numbers. In practice it is a highly flawed method for many practical purposes, since its period is usually very short and it has some ...

7. Coupon collector's problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupon_collector's_problem

   Coupon collector's problem. In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests. It asks the following question: if each box of a given product (e.g., breakfast cereals) contains a coupon, and there are n different types of coupons, what is the probability that more ...