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  2. pH - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

    The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. [3] ... Pure water has a pH of 7 at 25°C, meaning it is ...

  3. Properties of water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Properties_of_water

    Water is amphoteric, meaning that it can exhibit properties of an acid or a base, depending on the pH of the solution that it is in; it readily produces both H + and OH − ions. [c] Related to its amphoteric character, it undergoes self-ionization. The product of the activities, or approximately, the concentrations of H + and OH −

  4. Water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

    Water is also central to acid-base neutrality and enzyme function. An acid, a hydrogen ion (H +, that is, a proton) donor, can be neutralized by a base, a proton acceptor such as a hydroxide ion (OH −) to form water. Water is considered to be neutral, with a pH (the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration) of 7 in an ideal state.

  5. Acidity function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidity_function

    The pH scale is by far the most commonly used acidity function, and is ideal for dilute aqueous solutions. Other acidity functions have been proposed for different environments, most notably the Hammett acidity function, H 0, [3] for superacid media and its modified version H − for superbasic media.

  6. Hard water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water

    If the actual pH of the water is below the calculated saturation pH, the LSI is negative and the water has a very limited scaling potential. If the actual pH exceeds pHs, the LSI is positive, and being supersaturated with CaCO 3, the water tends to form scale. At increasing positive index values, the scaling potential increases.

  7. Heavy water - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water

    Heavy water is less dissociated than light water at given temperature, and the true concentration of D + ions is less than H + ions would be for light water at the same temperature. The same is true of OD − vs. OH − ions. For heavy water Kw D 2 O (25.0 °C) = 1.35 × 10 −15, and [D + ] must equal [OD − ] for neutral water

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  9. Weak base - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_base

    Bases yield solutions in which the hydrogen ion activity is lower than it is in pure water, i.e., the solution is said to have a pH greater than 7.0 at standard conditions, potentially as high as 14 (and even greater than 14 for some bases). The formula for pH is: = ⁡ [+]

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