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  2. Envelope (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(mathematics)

    Envelope (mathematics) Construction of the envelope of a family of curves. In geometry, an envelope of a planar family of curves is a curve that is tangent to each member of the family at some point, and these points of tangency together form the whole envelope. Classically, a point on the envelope can be thought of as the intersection of two ...

  3. Convex hull - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_hull

    The convex hull of the red set is the blue and red convex set. In geometry, the convex hull, convex envelope or convex closure[1] of a shape is the smallest convex set that contains it. The convex hull may be defined either as the intersection of all convex sets containing a given subset of a Euclidean space, or equivalently as the set of all ...

  4. Lower envelope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_envelope

    Lower envelope. In mathematics, the lower envelope or pointwise minimum of a finite set of functions is the pointwise minimum of the functions, the function whose value at every point is the minimum of the values of the functions in the given set. The concept of a lower envelope can also be extended to partial functions by taking the minimum ...

  5. Envelope (waves) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(waves)

    Envelope (waves) Smooth curve outlining the extremes of an oscillating signal. In physics and engineering, the envelope of an oscillating signal is a smooth curve outlining its extremes. [1] The envelope thus generalizes the concept of a constant amplitude into an instantaneous amplitude. The figure illustrates a modulated sine wave varying ...

  6. Convex hull algorithms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convex_hull_algorithms

    In computational geometry, numerous algorithms are proposed for computing the convex hull of a finite set of points, with various computational complexities. Computing the convex hull means that a non-ambiguous and efficient representation of the required convex shape is constructed. The complexity of the corresponding algorithms is usually ...

  7. Differential geometry of surfaces - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_geometry_of...

    In mathematics, the differential geometry of surfaces deals with the differential geometry of smooth surfaces [a] with various additional structures, most often, a Riemannian metric. [b] Surfaces have been extensively studied from various perspectives: extrinsically, relating to their embedding in Euclidean space and intrinsically, reflecting ...

  8. Slowly varying envelope approximation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slowly_varying_envelope...

    In physics, slowly varying envelope approximation[1] (SVEA, sometimes also called slowly varying asymmetric approximation or SVAA) is the assumption that the envelope of a forward-travelling wave pulse varies slowly in time and space compared to a period or wavelength. This requires the spectrum of the signal to be narrow-banded —hence it is ...

  9. Boundary (topology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boundary_(topology)

    Boundary (topology) A set (in light blue) and its boundary (in dark blue). In topology and mathematics in general, the boundary of a subset S of a topological space X is the set of points in the closure of S not belonging to the interior of S. An element of the boundary of S is called a boundary point of S. The term boundary operation refers to ...