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Application of the civil law rule in its purest form would inhibit development of land because virtually every improvement on a parcel alters natural drainage. For this reason this rule has been modified in those jurisdictions that use it in order to permit reasonable changes in natural flow, often weighing the competing interests of ...
Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
[1] The procedure and requirements for the certificate vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and on the type of structure. In the United States, obtaining a certificate is generally required whenever: a new building is constructed; a building built for one use is to be used for another (e.g., an industrial building converted for ...
In a design, the gradation of the in situ (on site) soil often controls the design and ground water drainage of the site. A poorly graded soil will have better drainage than a well graded soil, [2] if it is not high in clay quality. Soil is graded as either well graded or poorly graded. [3]
Standards for performing a Phase I site assessment have been promulgated by the US EPA [1] and are based in part on ASTM in Standard E1527-13. [ 2 ] If a site is considered contaminated, a Phase II environmental site assessment may be conducted, ASTM test E1903, a more detailed investigation involving chemical analysis for hazardous substances ...
Planning permission or building permit refers to the approval needed for construction or expansion (including significant renovation), and sometimes for demolition, in some jurisdictions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] House building permits, for example, are subject to building codes .
Excavation may be classified by type of material: [1]: 13.1 Topsoil excavation; Earth excavation; Rock excavation; Muck excavation – this usually contains excess water and unsuitable soil; Unclassified excavation – this is any combination of material types; Excavation may be classified by the purpose: [1]: 13.1, 13.2
Site Drawing for Gov. Inst. for Research in Physical Education, Japan 1935. A civil drawing, or site drawing, is a type of technical drawing that shows information about grading, landscaping, or other site details. These drawings are intended to give a clear picture of all things in a construction site to a civil engineer.