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Birth defects may result from genetic or chromosomal disorders, exposure to certain medications or chemicals, or certain infections during pregnancy. [4] Risk factors include folate deficiency, drinking alcohol or smoking during pregnancy, poorly controlled diabetes, and a mother over the age of 35 years old.
After having one child with the condition, the risk of having a second is typically around one percent. [2] It is the second-most common condition due to a third chromosome at birth, after Down syndrome for a third chromosome 21. [4] Trisomy 18 occurs in around 1 in 5,000 live births. [3] Many of those affected die before birth. [3]
The development of autism is associated with several prenatal risk factors, including advanced age in either parent, diabetes, bleeding, and maternal use of antibiotics and psychiatric drugs during pregnancy. [1] [52] [53] Autism has been linked to birth defect agents acting during the first eight weeks from conception, though these cases are ...
The infant may be seriously affected and have a variety of birth defects. Complications in the mother and fetus can include pre-eclampsia, anemia, miscarriage, low birth weight, still birth, congestive heart failure , impaired neurointellectual development, and if severe, congenital iodine deficiency syndrome .
As such, they are a type of birth defect. [1] The cause is unknown in most cases. [1] Risk factors include smoking during pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, an older mother, and certain medications (such as some used to treat seizures). [1] [2] Cleft lip and cleft palate can often be diagnosed during pregnancy with an ultrasound exam. [1]
So far, around 20% of overall congenital heart defect cases have been due to known causes such as genetic defects and teratogens which are various factors causing embryo development abnormalities or birth defects. [24] However, the other 80% of cases have little known about their cause. [24]
A woman's risk of having a baby with chromosomal abnormalities increases with her age. Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal birth defect, and a woman's risk of having a baby with Down syndrome is: [16] [6] Risk of having a baby with Down syndrome
Situs ambiguus has been linked to family history of malformations [8] [9] and maternal cocaine use, [10] suggesting both genetic and environmental factors play a role. [11] Several genes in the TGF-beta pathway , which controls left-right patterning of visceral organs across the body axis, have been indicated in sporadic and familial cases of ...