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In fact, the set of functions with a convergent Taylor series is a meager set in the Fréchet space of smooth functions. Even if the Taylor series of a function f does converge, its limit need not be equal to the value of the function f (x). For example, the function
In calculus, Taylor's theorem gives an approximation of a -times differentiable function around a given point by a polynomial of degree , called the -th-order Taylor polynomial. For a smooth function , the Taylor polynomial is the truncation at the order k {\textstyle k} of the Taylor series of the function.
This directly results from the fact that the integrand e −t 2 is an even function (the antiderivative of an even function which is zero at the origin is an odd function and vice versa).
The power series definition of the exponential function makes sense for square matrices (for which the function is called the matrix exponential) and more generally in any unital Banach algebra B. In this setting, e 0 = 1 , and e x is invertible with inverse e − x for any x in B .
The partial sums of a power series are polynomials, the partial sums of the Taylor series of an analytic function are a sequence of converging polynomial approximations to the function at the center, and a converging power series can be seen as a kind of generalized polynomial with infinitely many terms. Conversely, every polynomial is a power ...
A Laurent series is a generalization of the Taylor series, allowing terms with negative exponents; it takes the form = and converges in an annulus. [6] In particular, a Laurent series can be used to examine the behavior of a complex function near a singularity by considering the series expansion on an annulus centered at the singularity.
AP Calculus BC includes all of the topics covered in AP Calculus AB, as well as the following: Convergence tests for series; Taylor series; Parametric equations; Polar functions (including arc length in polar coordinates and calculating area) Arc length calculations using integration; Integration by parts; Improper integrals
This sequence of approximations is formally similar to the Taylor series of a smooth function, hence the term "calculus of functors". Many objects of central interest in algebraic topology can be seen as functors, which are difficult to analyze directly, so the idea is to replace them with simpler functors which are sufficiently good ...