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A square wave (represented as the blue dot) is approximated by its sixth partial sum (represented as the purple dot), formed by summing the first six terms (represented as arrows) of the square wave's Fourier series. Each arrow starts at the vertical sum of all the arrows to its left (i.e. the previous partial sum).
The ideal square wave contains only components of odd-integer harmonic frequencies (of the form 2π(2k − 1)f). A curiosity of the convergence of the Fourier series representation of the square wave is the Gibbs phenomenon. Ringing artifacts in non-ideal square waves can be shown to be related to this phenomenon.
Square wave may refer to: Square wave (waveform) Cross seas, also known as square waves This page was last edited on 7 March 2025, at 07:57 (UTC). Text is ...
Inspired by correspondence in Nature between Michelson and A. E. H. Love about the convergence of the Fourier series of the square wave function, J. Willard Gibbs published a note in 1898 pointing out the important distinction between the limit of the graphs of the partial sums of the Fourier series of a sawtooth wave and the graph of the limit ...
An Elementary Treatise on Fourier's Series: And Spherical, Cylindrical, and Ellipsoidal Harmonics, with Applications to Problems in Mathematical Physics (2 ed.). Ginn. p. 30. Carslaw, Horatio Scott (1921). "Chapter 7: Fourier's Series". Introduction to the Theory of Fourier's Series and Integrals, Volume 1 (2 ed.). Macmillan and Company. p. 196.
An example application of the Fourier transform is determining the constituent pitches in a musical waveform.This image is the result of applying a constant-Q transform (a Fourier-related transform) to the waveform of a C major piano chord.
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Harmonic analysis is a branch of mathematics concerned with investigating the connections between a function and its representation in frequency.The frequency representation is found by using the Fourier transform for functions on unbounded domains such as the full real line or by Fourier series for functions on bounded domains, especially periodic functions on finite intervals.