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2. Equivalence class: given an equivalence relation, [] often denotes the equivalence class of the element x. 3. Integral part: if x is a real number, [] often denotes the integral part or truncation of x, that is, the integer obtained by removing all digits after the decimal mark.
There is a large theory of special functions which developed out of statistics and mathematical physics. A modern, abstract point of view contrasts large function spaces , which are infinite-dimensional and within which most functions are 'anonymous', with special functions picked out by properties such as symmetry , or relationship to harmonic ...
Octal: Base 8, occasionally used by computer system designers and programmers. Duodecimal: Base 12, a numeral system that is convenient because of the many factors of 12. Sexagesimal: Base 60, first used by the ancient Sumerians in the 3rd millennium BC, was passed down to the ancient Babylonians. See positional notation for information on ...
Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities. In these contexts, the capital letters and the small letters represent distinct and unrelated entities.
For other languages and symbol sets (especially in mathematics and science), see below This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols .
Special functions are particular mathematical functions that have more or less established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications.
Rigor is a cornerstone quality of mathematics, and can play an important role in preventing mathematics from degenerating into fallacies. well-behaved An object is well-behaved (in contrast with being Pathological ) if it satisfies certain prevailing regularity properties, or if it conforms to mathematical intuition (even though intuition can ...
The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an italic "𝐴" can have a different meaning from a roman letter "A".