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Laryngeal paralysis. Laryngeal paralysis in animals is a condition in which the nerves and muscles that control the movements of one or both arytenoid cartilages of the larynx cease to function, and instead of opening during aspiration and closing during swallowing, the arytenoids remain stationary in a somewhat neutral position.
Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus. The optokinetic reflex ( OKR ), also referred to as the optokinetic response, or optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), is a compensatory reflex that supports visual image stabilization. [ 1] The purpose of OKR is to prevent image blur on the retina that would otherwise occur when an animal moves its head or navigates ...
“A dog’s face will be pointed away from the source of stress, but the eyes are still heavily focused on or flicking toward the source of anxiety, with the whites of the eyes (usually not ...
Obesity. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome ( OHS) is a condition in which severely overweight people fail to breathe rapidly or deeply enough, resulting in low oxygen levels and high blood carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels. The syndrome is often associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which causes periods of absent or reduced breathing in ...
Possessiveness. Frustration. Dominance. Pain/illness. “Fear is a common cause of aggression in dogs,” Dr. Barnette says. “When your dog is scared, they have two options — run away or stick ...
Nystagmus, difficulty walking, and seizures may occur in some dogs. The cause is unknown, but it may be mediated by the immune system. One theory is that there is an autoimmune-induced generalized deficiency of neurotransmitters. [2] Cerebrospinal fluid analysis may reveal an increased number of lymphocytes. [3]
Nystagmus as seen in a case of ocular albinism. The cause of pathological nystagmus may be congenital, idiopathic, or secondary to a pre-existing neurological disorder.It also may be induced temporarily by disorientation (such as on roller coaster rides or when a person has been spinning in circles) or by some drugs (alcohol, lidocaine, and other central nervous system depressants, inhalant ...
Vomiting. Weight loss. High fever. Pneumonia in severe cases. In cases where the bacterium has caused a systemic infection, you may observe more critical and life-threatening symptoms, including ...