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  2. Sentence (mathematical logic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(mathematical_logic)

    In mathematical logic, a sentence ... It is the presence of a free variable, rather than the inconstant truth value, that is important; for example, even for complex ...

  3. Number sentence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_sentence

    A valid number sentence that is true: 83 + 19 = 102. A valid number sentence that is false: 1 + 1 = 3. A valid number sentence using a 'less than' symbol: 3 + 6 < 10. A valid number sentence using a 'more than' symbol: 3 + 9 > 11. An example from a lesson plan: [6] Some students will use a direct computational approach.

  4. First-order logic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order_logic

    In this example, both sentences happen to have the common form () for some individual , in the first sentence the value of the variable x is "Socrates", and in the second sentence it is "Plato". Due to the ability to speak about non-logical individuals along with the original logical connectives, first-order logic includes propositional logic.

  5. List of paradoxes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_paradoxes

    Shows that a sentence can be paradoxical even if it is not self-referring and does not use demonstratives or indexicals. Yablo's paradox: An ordered infinite sequence of sentences, each of which says that all following sentences are false. While constructed to avoid self-reference, there is no consensus whether it relies on self-reference or not.

  6. If and only if - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_and_only_if

    Wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions, it has the same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for if and only if, indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient for the other. This is an example of mathematical jargon (although, as noted above, if is more often used than iff in statements of definition).

  7. Quine–Putnam indispensability argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quine–Putnam...

    He supported this claim with the idea that mathematics should not have its own special semantics, or in other words, the meaning of mathematical sentences should follow the same rules as non-mathematical sentences. For example, according to this reasoning, if the sentence "Mars is a planet" implies the existence of the planet Mars, then the ...

  8. Logical reasoning - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning

    In mathematics, it is used to prove mathematical theorems based on a set of premises, usually called axioms. For example, Peano arithmetic is based on a small set of axioms from which all essential properties of natural numbers can be inferred using deductive reasoning.

  9. Mathematical proof - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_proof

    The expression "mathematical proof" is used by lay people to refer to using mathematical methods or arguing with mathematical objects, such as numbers, to demonstrate something about everyday life, or when data used in an argument is numerical. It is sometimes also used to mean a "statistical proof" (below), especially when used to argue from data.