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Gene flow is the transfer of alleles from one population to another population through immigration of individuals. In population genetics, gene flow (also known as migration and allele flow) is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If the rate of gene flow is high enough, then two populations will have equivalent ...
Evolutionary biology. Genetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals [ 1] or the differences between populations among the same species. [ 2] The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutation and genetic recombination. [ 3] Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other mechanisms, such as genetic ...
The upper DNA molecule differs from the lower DNA molecule at a single base-pair location (a G/A polymorphism). In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP / snɪp /; plural SNPs / snɪps /) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome. Although certain definitions require the ...
Allele. An allele[ 1], or allelomorph, is a variant of the sequence of nucleotides at a particular location, or locus, on a DNA molecule. [ 2] Alleles can differ at a single position through single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), [ 3] but they can also have insertions and deletions of up to several thousand base pairs. [ 4]
Gene duplication. Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution. It can be defined as any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene. Gene duplications can arise as products of several types of errors in DNA replication ...
Figure 1: Genetic distance map by Cavalli-Sforza et al. (1994) [ 1] Genetic distance is a measure of the genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species, whether the distance measures time from common ancestor or degree of differentiation. [ 2] Populations with many similar alleles have small genetic distances.
Illustration of an activator. In molecular biology, a transcription factor ( TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence. [ 1][ 2] The function of TFs is to regulate—turn on and off—genes in order to ...
DNA and RNA codon tables. A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. [ 1][ 2] The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon table, because when proteins are made in a cell by ribosomes, it is messenger RNA (mRNA) that directs protein synthesis. [ 2][ 3] The mRNA sequence is ...