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Buffer solutions are used as a means of keeping pH at a nearly constant value in a wide variety of chemical applications. In nature, there are many living systems that use buffering for pH regulation. For example, the bicarbonate buffering system is used to regulate the pH of blood, and bicarbonate also acts as a buffer in the ocean.
The bicarbonate buffer, consisting of a mixture of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3) and a bicarbonate (HCO − 3) salt in solution, is the most abundant buffer in the extracellular fluid, and it is also the buffer whose acid-to-base ratio can be changed very easily and rapidly. [15]
As with any buffer system, the pH is balanced by the presence of both a weak acid (for example, H 2 CO 3) and its conjugate base (for example, HCO − 3) so that any excess acid or base introduced to the system is neutralized. Failure of this system to function properly results in acid-base imbalance, such as acidemia (pH < 7.35) and alkalemia ...
Recall that the relationship represented in a Davenport diagram is a relationship between three variables: P CO 2, bicarbonate concentration and pH.Thus, Fig. 7 can be thought of as a topographical map—that is, a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional surface—where each isopleth indicates a different partial pressure or “altitude.”
Bases and acids are seen as chemical opposites because the effect of an acid is to increase the hydronium (H 3 O +) concentration in water, whereas bases reduce this concentration. A reaction between aqueous solutions of an acid and a base is called neutralization , producing a solution of water and a salt in which the salt separates into its ...
Process control systems in a chemical plant or oil refinery maintain fluid levels, pressures, temperature, chemical composition, etc. by controlling heaters, pumps and valves. [ 90 ] The centrifugal governor of a steam engine , as designed by James Watt in 1788, reduces the throttle valve in response to increases in the engine speed, or opens ...
The oceans buffer system is known as the carbonate buffer system. [12] The carbonate buffer system is a series of reactions that uses carbonate as a buffer to convert into bicarbonate. [12] The carbonate buffer reaction helps maintain a constant H+ concentration in the ocean because it consumes hydrogen ions, [13] and thereby maintains a ...
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