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The Scholars (Chinese: 儒林外史; pinyin: Rúlín Wàishǐ), also translated as The Unofficial History of the Scholars, [note 1] is a Chinese novel written by Wu Jingzi and published in 1750 during the Qing dynasty.
It was, however, described by Fan Heng (1272–1330) as methods of writing poetry, divided into four styles: qi, cheng, zhuan, and he. Qi was described as straight, [ 1 ] cheng was likened to a mortar , zhuan was described change, and he is likened to a deep pond or overflowing river which helps one reflect on the meaning. [ 1 ]
Cover of a 1930 edition of the novel A page from chapter one of The Travels of Lao Can, in an edition collected by the University of Tokyo. The Travels of Lao Can (simplified Chinese: 老 残 游 记; traditional Chinese: 老 殘 遊 記; pinyin: Lǎo Cán Yóujì) is a novel by Liu E (1857–1909), written between 1903 and 1904 [1] and published in 1907 to wide acclaim.
The 1920s Chinese literary works were characterized by a similar concurrence between the writer or protagonist's individual struggles, and the nation's dilemma. Chinese intellectuals further transformed the self-revelation function of naturalism into a national awakening one. [ 7 ]
Jia Pingwa (born 21 February 1952) is one of China's most popular authors of novels, short stories, poetry, and non-fiction. [1] His best-known novels include Ruined City, which was banned by the State Publishing Administration for over 17 years for its explicit sexual content, and The Shaanxi Opera, winner of the 2009 Mao Dun Literature Prize.
Bianwen, used as a convenient label for a type of literary form, has not yet been sufficiently defined.Disagreements over what bian means, what characteristics or formal features a text must have in order to be subsumed under the term, and consequently which texts are considered as bianwen have plagued scholars since the discoveries of the manuscripts.
Most of what is known about Qian's early life relies on an essay written by his wife Yang Jiang. [6] Born in Wuxi, Qian Zhongshu was the son of Qian Jibo (錢基博), a conservative Confucian scholar, landed gentry, and Chinese language professor at Tsinghua, St. John's University, and National Central University (Nanking), respectively.
This was a major argument in favor of the eight-legged essay, arguing that it were better to eliminate creative art in favor of prosaic literacy. In the history of Chinese literature, the eight-legged essay is often accused by later Chinese critics to have caused China's "cultural stagnation and economic backwardness" in the 19th century. [1] [2]