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Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryos are placed into the uterus of a female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.This technique - which is often used in connection with in vitro fertilization (IVF) - may be used in humans or in other animals, in which situations and goals may vary.
Interspecies nuclear transfer (iSCNT) is a means of somatic cell nuclear transfer being used to facilitate the rescue of endangered species, or even to restore species after their extinction. The technique is similar to SCNT cloning which typically is between domestic animals and rodents, or where there is a ready supply of oocytes and ...
The San Diego Zoo established the first "frozen zoo" program in 1972. The first frozen zoo was established at the San Diego Zoo by pathologist Kurt Benirschke in 1972. [3] [4] [5] At the time there was no technology available to make use of the collection, but Benirschke believed such technology would be developed in the future. [6]
The first mammal to be cloned — Dolly the sheep — was created in 1996 using a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer, ... cloned embryo, and that allowed the clone to develop normally ...
In current state of the art, early embryos having undergone cryopreservation implant at the same rate as equivalent fresh counterparts. [2] The outcome from using cryopreserved embryos has uniformly been positive with no increase in birth defects or development abnormalities, [3] [8] also between fresh versus frozen eggs used for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). [9]
Prior to the development of IVF in humans, Walter Heape, a physician and professor at the University of Cambridge, was doing research on reproduction in animals. In November 1890, Heape reported the first successful embryo transfer in a mammal in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. [1] [better source needed] [2]
The American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Integrated Conservation Research (ICR), and Advanced Cell Technology have made efforts to use cryopreserved specimens of the gaur through artificial insemination, embryo transfer, and cloning, respectively.
Theriogenologists are veterinarians with advanced training in animal reproduction like semen analysis, evaluation and processing, breeding soundness, in vitro fertilisation (IVF), embryo transfer and obstetrics. In the United States, all theriogenologists are board-certified by the American College of Theriogenologists.