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exponential map (Lie theory) from a Lie algebra to a Lie group, More generally, in a manifold with an affine connection , X ↦ γ X ( 1 ) {\displaystyle X\mapsto \gamma _{X}(1)} , where γ X {\displaystyle \gamma _{X}} is a geodesic with initial velocity X , is sometimes also called the exponential map.
Globally, the exponential map is not necessarily surjective. Furthermore, the exponential map may not be a local diffeomorphism at all points. For example, the exponential map from (3) to SO(3) is not a local diffeomorphism; see also cut locus on this failure. See derivative of the exponential map for more information.
The exponential map of the Earth as viewed from the north pole is the polar azimuthal equidistant projection in cartography. In Riemannian geometry, an exponential map is a map from a subset of a tangent space T p M of a Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) M to M itself. The (pseudo) Riemannian metric determines a canonical ...
There are many forms of these maps, [2] many of which are equivalent under a coordinate transformation. For example two of the most common ones are: : +: The second one can be mapped to the first using the fact that . = + (), so : + is the same under the transformation = + ().
The exponential map is a mapping from the tangent space at p to M: : which is a diffeomorphism in a neighborhood of zero. Gauss' lemma asserts that the image of a sphere of sufficiently small radius in T p M under the exponential map is perpendicular to all geodesics originating at p.
These two bits of data, a direction and a magnitude, thus determine a tangent vector at the base point. The map from tangent vectors to endpoints smoothly sweeps out a neighbourhood of the base point and defines what is called the exponential map, defining a local coordinate chart at that base point. The neighbourhood swept out has similar ...
The inverse function theorem together with the derivative of the exponential map provides information about the local behavior of exp. Any C k, 0 ≤ k ≤ ∞, ω map f between vector spaces (here first considering matrix Lie groups) has a C k inverse such that f is a C k bijection in an open set around a point x in the domain provided df x is
In mathematics, the matrix exponential is a matrix function on square matrices analogous to the ordinary exponential function. It is used to solve systems of linear differential equations. In the theory of Lie groups, the matrix exponential gives the exponential map between a matrix Lie algebra and the corresponding Lie group.