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exponential map (Lie theory) from a Lie algebra to a Lie group, More generally, in a manifold with an affine connection , X ↦ γ X ( 1 ) {\displaystyle X\mapsto \gamma _{X}(1)} , where γ X {\displaystyle \gamma _{X}} is a geodesic with initial velocity X , is sometimes also called the exponential map.
Globally, the exponential map is not necessarily surjective. Furthermore, the exponential map may not be a local diffeomorphism at all points. For example, the exponential map from (3) to SO(3) is not a local diffeomorphism; see also cut locus on this failure. See derivative of the exponential map for more information.
The exponential map of the Earth as viewed from the north pole is the polar azimuthal equidistant projection in cartography. In Riemannian geometry, an exponential map is a map from a subset of a tangent space T p M of a Riemannian manifold (or pseudo-Riemannian manifold) M to M itself. The (pseudo) Riemannian metric determines a canonical ...
The exponential map is a diffeomorphism from onto . Using these exponential coordinates, we can identify G {\displaystyle G} with ( R n , ⋆ ) {\displaystyle (\mathbb {R} ^{n},\star )} , where n = dim V 1 + ⋯ + dim V k {\displaystyle n=\dim V_{1}+\cdots +\dim V_{k}} and the operation ⋆ {\displaystyle \star } is given by the Baker ...
There are many forms of these maps, [2] many of which are equivalent under a coordinate transformation. For example two of the most common ones are: : +: The second one can be mapped to the first using the fact that . = + (), so : + is the same under the transformation = + ().
In mathematics, the matrix exponential is a matrix function on square matrices analogous to the ordinary exponential function. It is used to solve systems of linear differential equations. In the theory of Lie groups, the matrix exponential gives the exponential map between a matrix Lie algebra and the corresponding Lie group.
The definition above is easy to use, but it is not defined for Lie groups that are not matrix groups, and it is not clear that the exponential map of a Lie group does not depend on its representation as a matrix group. We can solve both problems using a more abstract definition of the exponential map that works for all Lie groups, as follows.
Early expressions of Lie theory are found in books composed by Sophus Lie with Friedrich Engel and Georg Scheffers from 1888 to 1896.. In Lie's early work, the idea was to construct a theory of continuous groups, to complement the theory of discrete groups that had developed in the theory of modular forms, in the hands of Felix Klein and Henri Poincaré.