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Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome; Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome: Specialty: Perinatology, neonatology: Usual onset: Usually weeks 16–25 of gestation: Types: Twin anemia–polycythemia sequence: Treatment: Fetoscopy and laser ablation; serial amniocentesis: Prognosis: 0–20% survival of one or all fetuses without treatment; [1]
Treatments that are temporary include intrauterine blood transfusion of the anemic donor twin or exchange transfusions, which remove blood from the recipient twin and then transfusion of the donor. [8] Treating TAPS with fetal laser coagulation of vascular anastomoses is the only potentially effective modality. [9]
Treatment for polycythemia varies, and typically involves treating its underlying cause. [6] Treatment of primary polycythemia (see polycythemia vera) could involve phlebotomy, antiplatelet therapy to reduce risk of blood clots, and additional cytoreductive therapy to reduce the number of red blood cells produced in the bone marrow. [7]
In oncology, polycythemia vera (PV) is an uncommon myeloproliferative neoplasm in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. [1] The majority of cases [2] are caused by mutations in the JAK2 gene, most commonly resulting in a single amino acid change in its protein product from valine to phenylalanine at position 617.
The treatments for cytopenia vary depending on the type of cytopenia. The treatment for anemia is rest and a diet consisting of high iron foods. Medication can also be used such as: [citation needed] Epoetin alfa, a synthetic erythropoietin that stimulates stem cells to produce red blood cells.
Anisocytosis is a medical term meaning that a patient's red blood cells are of unequal size. This is commonly found in anemia and other blood conditions. False diagnostic flagging may be triggered on a complete blood count by an elevated WBC count, agglutinated RBCs, RBC fragments, giant platelets or platelet clumps due to anisocytosis.
Treatment is done to address the underlying cause. To tide over immediate crisis blood transfusion with packed red blood cells (PRBC) or platelet transfusion may be done. Sometimes there are obvious clinical clues to suggest underlying B12 deficiency for a cause of pancytopenia. [ 6 ]
High platelet counts can occur in patients with polycythemia vera (high red blood cell counts), and is an additional risk factor for complications. [ citation needed ] A very small number of people report symptoms of erythromelalgia , a burning sensation and redness of the extremities that resolves with cooling, or aspirin or both.
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