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In exchange for the Pope's reconquest of the Papal States, he agreed to crown Barbarossa emperor. Rome was recaptured in 1155. Barbarossa was crowned by Adrian IV the day after he entered the city, on June 18, 1155. [5] Despite this exchange, tensions between the Papacy and the Empire persisted, and Rome remained unstable.
98–117), [58] encompassing 5 million km 2. [16] [17] The traditional population estimate of 55–60 million inhabitants [59] accounted for between one-sixth and one-fourth of the world's total population [60] and made it the most populous unified political entity in the West until the mid-19th century. [61]
In 1984, Alexander Demandt enumerated 210 different theories on why Rome fell, and new theories have since emerged. [1] [2] Gibbon himself explored ideas of internal decline (civil wars, the disintegration of political, economic, military, and other social institutions) and of attacks from outside the empire.
The so-called Domus Aurea, meaning golden house in Latin, was constructed atop the burnt remains of Rome after the Great Fire of Rome (64). Because of the convenience of this many believe that Nero was ultimately responsible for the fire, spawning the legend of him fiddling while Rome burned which is almost certainly untrue.
The codex, the book format today in universal use, was invented by the Romans and spread by Roman Christians. [ 27 ] While much of the most influential Greek science and philosophy was developed before the rise of the Empire, major innovations occurred under Roman rule that have had a lasting impact on the intellectual world.
Today, the only surviving portion of the Roman History is the part from 69 BC to 46 AD. Ammianus Marcellinus, in his 31 book history sometimes translated as The Roman History or The Roman Empire, described the time from the reign of Nerva to the Battle of Adrianople, though the first thirteen books are lost. Bringing into the remaining books ...
Map of the Roman Empire with the distribution of Christian congregations of the first three centuries AD. The growth of early Christianity from its obscure origin c. AD 40, with fewer than 1,000 followers, to being the majority religion of the entire Roman Empire by AD 400, has been examined through a wide variety of historiographical approaches.
Roman Italy is the period of ancient Italian history going from the founding and rise of Rome to the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire; the Latin name of the Italian peninsula in this period was Italia (continued to be used in the Italian language).