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Stable introverts (phlegmatic qualities such as calm, even-tempered, reliable, controlled, peaceful, thoughtful, careful, passive) Unstable introverts (melancholic qualities such as quiet, reserved, pessimistic, sober, rigid, anxious, moody) Further research demonstrated the need for a third category of temperament: [3]
Extravert (Jung's spelling, although some dictionaries prefer the variant extrovert) Introvert; Extraversion means "outward-turning" and introversion means "inward-turning". [20] These specific definitions vary somewhat from the popular usage of the words. The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called attitudes.
A chart with descriptions of each Myers–Briggs personality type and the four dichotomies central to the theory. The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a self-report questionnaire that makes pseudoscientific claims [6] to categorize individuals into 16 distinct "psychological types" or "personality types".
Indeed, there was more within-person variability than between-person variability in extraverted behaviors. The key feature that distinguishes extraverts and introverts was that extraverts tend to act moderately extraverted about 5–10% more often than introverts. From this perspective, extraverts and introverts are not "fundamentally different".
[1] Consciously, in an introvert, the four basic cognitive functions follow the introverted 'general attitude of consciousness'. "Everyone whose attitude is introverted thinks, feels, and acts in a way that clearly demonstrates that the subject is the chief factor of motivation while the object at most receives only a secondary value."
For example, a trait like extraversion is easy for another person to observe, and is therefore easier to judge in another person than a trait like general affect is. [20] Therefore, when a trait has few external indicators, an observer is more likely to assume another person embodies that trait in a similar way as the observer does.
Please Understand Me: Character and Temperament Types (first published in 1978 as Please Understand Me: An Essay on Temperament Styles) is a psychology book written by David Keirsey and Marilyn Bates which focuses on the classification and categorization of personality types.
The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is a self-assessed personality questionnaire. It was first introduced in the book Please Understand Me.The KTS is closely associated with the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI); however, there are significant practical and theoretical differences between the two personality questionnaires and their associated different descriptions.