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Small-scale sewage pumping is normally done by a submersible pump. This became popular in the early 1960s, when a guide rail system was developed to lift the submersible pump out of the pump station for repair, and ended the dirty and sometimes dangerous task of sending people into the sewage or wet pit. [ 1 ]
As she discusses the scarcity of women in the field, she states, "During the first period, that of the nineteenth century, apparently only two women wrote Science Fiction, Mary Shelley and Rhoda Broughton," and continues, "In the early twentieth century, a few women were successful Science Fiction writers". But, "The times changed.
The Female Man is a feminist science fiction novel by American writer Joanna Russ.It was originally written in 1970 and first published in 1975 by Bantam Books.Russ was an ardent feminist and challenged sexist views during the 1970s with her novels, short stories, and nonfiction works.
Sheri Stewart Tepper (July 16, 1929 – October 22, 2016) [2] was an American writer of science fiction, horror and mystery novels. She is primarily known for her feminist science fiction, which explored themes of sociology, gender and equality, as well as theology and ecology.
The fanzine Khatru published a "Women in Science Fiction" symposium in 1975 (one of the "males" who participated was James Tiptree, Jr.). In 1976, Susan Wood set up a panel on "women and science fiction" at MidAmericon, the 1976 Worldcon; this ultimately led to the founding of A Women's APA, the first women's amateur press association.
"Introduction: Women in Science Fiction" – Pamela Sargent In this essay, Sargent provides a short history of women in science fiction up to 1974. She discusses some of the earlier prominent women writers, from Mary Shelley to C. L. Moore, then looks at how women characters have been ignored or stereotyped by writers like Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Isaac Asimov, and Robert Heinlein.
Gender has been an important theme explored in speculative fiction.The genres that make up speculative fiction, science fiction, fantasy, supernatural fiction, horror, superhero fiction, science fantasy and related genres (utopian and dystopian fiction), have always offered the opportunity for writers to explore social conventions, including gender, gender roles, and beliefs about gender.
In a first review, Sally Estes assesses The Classic Years as "[a]n eye-opening overview of science fiction and women between 1944 and 1978... Exploring topics such as prejudice, child abuse, vanity, stereotypes, aging, rape, obesity, and insanity, stories by Marion Zimmer Bradley, Zenna Henderson, Kit Reed, Kate Wilhelm, Joan Vinge, the pseudonymous James Tiptree Jr., and others are as ...