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  2. List of languages by number of phonemes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by...

    Long vowels are considered to be sequences of vowels and so are not counted as phonemes. [21] Hindi: Indo-European: 44 + (5) 33 + (5) 11 [22] Hungarian: Uralic language: 39: 25 14 The vowel phonemes can be grouped as pairs of short and long vowels such as o and ó. Most of the pairs have an almost similar pronunciation and vary significantly ...

  3. International Phonetic Alphabet chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    Mid central vowel release ̽: Mid-centralized ̝ ˔ Raised ᶿ Voiceless dental fricative release ̩ ̍: Syllabic ̞ ˕ Lowered ˣ: Voiceless velar fricative release ̯ ̑: Non-syllabic ̘ ꭪ Advanced tongue root ʼ: Ejective ˞ Rhoticity ̙ ꭫ Retracted tongue root ͡ ͜ Affricate or double articulation

  4. Cardinal vowels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_vowels

    Cardinal vowels are not vowels of any particular language, but a measuring system. However, some languages contain vowel or vowels that are close to the cardinal vowel(s). [6] An example of such language is Ngwe, which is spoken in Cameroon. It has been cited as a language with a vowel system that has eight vowels which are rather similar to ...

  5. Table of vowels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_vowels

    name height backness roundness IPA number IPA text IPA image Entity X-SAMPA Sound sample Close front unrounded vowel: close: front: unrounded: 301: i i i Sound sample

  6. AEIOU - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEIOU

    AEIOU may refer to: a, e, i, o, u, a traditional list of vowel letters in the Roman alphabet; A.E.I.O.U., a device used by the Habsburgs; aeiou Encyclopedia, a free online collection of reference works in German and English about Austria-related topics; Aeiou, a cartoon character featured in the older version of Muse magazine

  7. Vowel diagram - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_diagram

    The next dimension for vowels are tense/lax; here we can distinguish high/mid/low dimensions and the front/central/back dimensions. In other words, all vowels but schwas. Examples of tense and lax vowels are [i], [o] and [ɪ], [ɔ], respectively. Another characteristic of vowels is rounding.

  8. Ï - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ï

    Ï, lowercase ï, is a symbol used in various languages written with the Latin alphabet; it can be read as the letter I with diaeresis, I-umlaut or I-trema.. Initially in French and also in Afrikaans, Catalan, Dutch, Galician, Southern Sami, Welsh, and occasionally English, ï is used when i follows another vowel and indicates hiatus in the pronunciation of such a word.

  9. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...