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Disulfiram is a medication used to support the treatment of chronic alcoholism by producing an acute sensitivity to ethanol (drinking alcohol). Disulfiram works by inhibiting the enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase (specifically the ALDH2 enzyme [3]), causing many of the effects of a hangover to be felt immediately following alcohol consumption.
Unlike acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors and other disulfiram-like drugs, alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitors such as fomepizole (brand name Antizol) inhibit the metabolism of alcohol into acetaldehyde, thereby increasing and extending the effects of alcohol and reducing its toxicity. [4]
Alcohol-related deaths have climbed nationally in the past few years: The U.S. saw a 25% spike in deaths during the first year of the pandemic, a trend that particularly affected middle-aged adults.
Alcoholic hallucinosis develops about 12 to 24 hours after the heavy drinking stops suddenly, and can last for days. It involves auditory and visual hallucinations, most commonly accusatory or threatening voices. [4] The risk of developing alcoholic hallucinosis is increased by long-term heavy alcohol abuse and the use of other drugs. [5]
Alcohol education is the practice of disseminating information about the effects of alcohol on health, as well as society and the family unit. [72] It was introduced into the public schools by temperance organizations such as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in the late 19th century. [ 72 ]
Alcohol (from Arabic al-kuḥl 'the kohl'), [11] sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is the second most consumed psychoactive drug globally behind caffeine. [12] Alcohol is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant, decreasing electrical activity of neurons in the brain. [13]
Serious side effects include allergic reactions, abnormal heart rhythms, and low or high blood pressure, while less serious side effects include headaches, insomnia, and impotence. [10] Diarrhea is the most common side-effect. [11] It is unclear if use is safe during pregnancy. [12] [13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of ...
The main subtypes responsible for the subjective effects of alcohol are the α 1 β 3 γ 2, α 5 β 3 γ 2, α 4 β 3 δ and α 6 β 3 δ subtypes, although other subtypes such as α 2 β 3 γ 2 and α 3 β 3 γ 2 are also affected. Activation of these receptors causes most of the effects of alcohol such as relaxation and relief from anxiety ...