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Topographic maps are also commonly called contour maps or topo maps. In the United States, where the primary national series is organized by a strict 7.5-minute grid, they are often called or quads or quadrangles. Topographic maps conventionally show topography, or land contours, by means of contour lines.
Black and white aerial photographs are frequently used for drawing maps, such as topographic maps. [5] Topographic maps are precise, in-depth descriptions of the terrain characteristics found in the areas or regions. [7] Black and white aerial photography is capable of producing good-quality images under poor weather conditions, such as foggy ...
Map symbols may include point markers, lines, regions, continuous fields, or text; these can be designed visually in their shape, size, color, pattern, and other graphic variables to represent a variety of information about each phenomenon being represented. Map symbols simultaneously serve several purposes:
A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map, which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or gentleness of slopes. [4] The contour interval of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines. [5] The gradient of the function is always perpendicular to the contour ...
USGS topographic map of Stowe, Vermont with contour lines at 20-foot intervals. Terrain cartography or relief mapping is the depiction of the shape of the surface of the Earth on a map, using one or more of several techniques that have been developed.
Digital Elevation Models, for example, have often been created not from new remote sensing data but from existing paper topographic maps. Many government and private publishers use the artwork (especially the contour lines) from existing topographic map sheets as the basis for their own specialized or updated topographic maps. [9] Topographic ...
Aerial photograph interpretation is a method of extrapolating geological details of the ground surface from aerial images. [1] It allows geologists to analyze the distinguishing geological features and structures , plant cover , past history of the site, soil properties, and topography of the study area.
Cartographic symbology encodes information on the map in ways intended to convey information to the map reader efficiently, taking into consideration the limited space on the map, models of human understanding through visual means, and the likely cultural background and education of the map reader. Symbology may be implicit, using universal ...