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Metoprolol is a beta blocker, or an antagonist of the β-adrenergic receptors. It is specifically a selective antagonist of the β 1-adrenergic receptor and has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. [37] Metoprolol exerts its effects by blocking the action of certain neurotransmitters, specifically adrenaline and noradrenaline.
[63] [59] In addition to its effects on the adrenergic system, there is evidence that indicates that propranolol may act as a weak antagonist of certain serotonin receptors, namely the 5-HT 1A, 5-HT 1B, and 5-HT 2B receptors. [64] [65] [50] The latter may be involved in the effectiveness of propranolol in the treatment of migraine at high doses ...
Atenolol is available in the form of 25, 50, and 100 mg oral tablets. [21] [4] It is also available in the form of oral tablets containing a combination of 50 or 100 mg atenolol and 50 mg chlortalidone. [21] Atenolol was previously available in a 0.5 mg/mL solution for injection as well, but this formulation was discontinued. [21]
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Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
Metoclopramide is commonly used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with conditions such as uremia, radiation sickness, cancer and the effects of chemotherapy, labor, infection, and emetogenic drugs. [5] [12] [13] [14] As a perioperative anti-emetic, the effective dose is usually 25 to 50 mg (compared to the usual 10 mg dose).
Bisoprolol is eliminated from the body in two ways - 50% of the substance is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites, which are then excreted in the kidneys. The remaining 50% is eliminated unchanged via the kidneys. [49] Since elimination is equal in liver and kidney, no dose adjustment is required in patients with hepatic or renal ...
Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset and gout. [3] Serious side effects may include liver problems, pancreatitis, and psychosis. [3] Use is not recommended during pregnancy. [3] Use during breastfeeding may harm the baby. [2] Atenolol works by blocking β1-adrenergic receptors in the heart, thus decreasing the heart rate and ...