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American women were recruited to do ballistics calculations and program computers during WWII. Around 1943–1945, these women "computers" used a differential analyzer in the basement of the Moore School of Electrical Engineering to speed up their calculations, though the machine required a mechanic to be totally accurate and the women often ...
By 1943, almost all people employed as computers were women; one report said "programming requires lots of patience, persistence and a capacity for detail and those are traits that many girls have". [49] [50] NACA expanded its pool of women human computers in the 1940s. [51]
ENIAC (/ ˈ ɛ n i æ k /; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) [1] [2] was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Other computers had some of these features, but ENIAC was the first to have them all.
The Z3 computer, built by German inventor Konrad Zuse in 1941, was the first programmable, fully automatic computing machine, but it was not electronic. During World War II, ballistics computing was done by women, who were hired as "computers."
The very first electronic computing devices were instead rewired in order to "reprogram" them. The ENIAC , one of the first electronic computers, was programmed largely by women who had been previously working as human computers .
Japanese engineer Jun-ichi Nishizawa invented the avalanche photodiode [20] 1953: First fully transistorized computer in the U.S. 1958: American engineer Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit (IC) 1960: American engineer Theodore Maiman develops the first laser: 1962: Nick Holonyak invented the LED: 1963: First home Videocassette recorder ...
During World War II, while the U.S. Army needed to compute ballistics trajectories, many women were interviewed for this task. At least 200 women were hired by the Moore School of Engineering to work as "computers" [4] and six of them were chosen to be the programmers of ENIAC.
The U.S. Office of Education initiated a series of courses in science and engineering that were open to women as well as men. Private programs for women included GE on-the-job engineering training for women with degrees in mathematics and physics, and the Curtiss-Wright Engineering Program had Curtiss-Wright Cadettes [4] [76] (e.g. Rosella ...