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  2. Construct (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construct_(philosophy)

    In philosophy, a construct is an object which is ideal, that is, an object of the mind or of thought, meaning that its existence may be said to depend upon a subject's mind. This contrasts with any possibly mind-independent objects, the existence of which purportedly does not depend on the existence of a conscious observing subject. [ 1 ]

  3. Contraposition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraposition

    In logic and mathematics, contraposition, or transposition, refers to the inference of going from a conditional statement into its logically equivalent contrapositive, and an associated proof method known as § Proof by contrapositive.

  4. Deconstruction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconstruction

    In philosophy, deconstruction is a loosely-defined set of approaches to understanding the relationship between text and meaning.The concept of deconstruction was introduced by the philosopher Jacques Derrida, who described it as a turn away from Platonism's ideas of "true" forms and essences which are valued above appearances.

  5. List of cognitive biases - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases

    The opposite bias, ... The frequency illusion is that once something has been noticed then every ... and subsequently acting as though the measure is the construct of ...

  6. Proof by contradiction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_by_contradiction

    More broadly, proof by contradiction is any form of argument that establishes a statement by arriving at a contradiction, even when the initial assumption is not the negation of the statement to be proved. In this general sense, proof by contradiction is also known as indirect proof, proof by assuming the opposite, [2] and reductio ad ...

  7. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    [88] (opposite of appeal to tradition) Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) [89] Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitatem) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. [90]

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  9. Reification (fallacy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification_(fallacy)

    Pathetic fallacy (also known as anthropomorphic fallacy or anthropomorphization) is a specific type [dubious – discuss] of reification. Just as reification is the attribution of concrete characteristics to an abstract idea, a pathetic fallacy is committed when those characteristics are specifically human characteristics, especially thoughts or feelings. [13]