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Critical thinking is the process of analyzing available facts, evidence, observations, and arguments to make sound conclusions or informed choices. It involves recognizing underlying assumptions, providing justifications for ideas and actions, evaluating these justifications through comparisons with varying perspectives, and assessing their rationality and potential consequences. [1]
Higher-order thinking, also known as higher order thinking skills (HOTS), [1] is a concept applied in relation to education reform and based on learning taxonomies (such as American psychologist Benjamin Bloom's taxonomy). The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits.
Cognitive skills [a] are skills of the mind, as opposed to other types of skills such as motor skills or social skills.Some examples of cognitive skills are literacy, self-reflection, logical reasoning, abstract thinking, critical thinking, introspection and mental arithmetic.
Scheyvens, Griffin, Jocoy, Liu, & Bradford (2008) further noted that "by utilizing learning strategies that can include small-group work, role-play and simulations, data collection and analysis, active learning is purported to increase student interest and motivation and to build students ‘critical thinking, problem-solving and social skills".
The notion of critical understanding is closely related to the concept of Critical Thinking, described as, ‘reasonable reflective thinking focused on deciding what to believe or do.’ [7] Critical thinking has also been described as, ‘thinking about thinking’, [8] specifically in relation to John Dewey’s work on ‘the problem of training thought’. [9]
The cerebral cortex is responsible for analytical thinking in the human brain. Analytical skill is the ability to deconstruct information into smaller categories in order to draw conclusions. [1] Analytical skill consists of categories that include logical reasoning, critical thinking, communication, research, data analysis and creativity.
These skills include teamwork, organizational skills, leadership, critical thinking, and social skills. [5] Early development of these skills allows the student to hone and sharpen them during their time in upper education.
[2] [3] [4] Student-centered instruction focuses on skills and practices that enable lifelong learning and independent problem-solving. [5] Student-centered learning theory and practice are based on the constructivist learning theory that emphasizes the learner's critical role in constructing meaning from new information and prior experience.