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The query optimizer attempts to determine the most efficient way to execute a given query by considering the possible query plans. [1] Generally, the query optimizer cannot be accessed directly by users: once queries are submitted to the database server, and parsed by the parser, they are then passed to the query optimizer where optimization ...
Some query tools can generate embedded hints in the query, for use by the optimizer. Some databases - like Oracle - provide a plan table for query tuning. This plan table will return the cost and time for executing a query. Oracle offers two optimization approaches: CBO or Cost Based Optimization; RBO or Rule Based Optimization; RBO is slowly ...
A query optimizer has two basic freedoms: Join order: Because it joins functions commutatively and associatively, the order in which the system joins tables does not change the final result set of the query. However, join-order could have an enormous impact on the cost of the join operation, so choosing the best join order becomes very important.
Query Optimization This paper is an introduction into the use of the relational algebra in optimizing queries, and includes numerous citations for more in-depth study. Relational Algebra System for Oracle and Microsoft SQL Server; Pireal – An experimental educational tool for working with Relational Algebra
Oracle implements hints by using specially-crafted comments in the query that begin with a + symbol, thus not affecting SQL compatibility. [2] EDB Postgres Advanced Server (a proprietary version of PostgreSQL from EnterpriseDB) offers hints compatible with those of Oracle. [3] [4] Microsoft SQL Server offers hints via the OPTION keyword [5]
A hierarchical query is a type of SQL query that handles hierarchical model data. They are special cases of more general recursive fixpoint queries, which compute transitive closures . In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive common table expressions (CTEs).
[3] [4] [5] The dynamic programming algorithm for determining join order proposed in that paper still forms the basis for most of the query optimizers used in modern relational systems. She also established and led IBM’s Database Technology Institute, considered one of the most successful examples of a fast technology pipeline from research ...
Query rewriting is a typically automatic transformation that takes a set of database tables, views, and/or queries, usually indices, often gathered data and query statistics, and other metadata, and yields a set of different queries, which produce the same results but execute with better performance (for example, faster, or with lower memory use). [1]