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2. Laminar–turbulent transition - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminar–turbulent_transition

   When many random vortices erupt as turbulence onsets, the generalized freezing of laminar slip (laminar interlocking) is associated with noise and a dramatic increase in resistance to flow. This might also explain the parabolic isovelocity profile of laminar flow abruptly changing to the flattened profile of turbulent flow – as laminar slip ...

3. Eddy (fluid dynamics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddy_(fluid_dynamics)

   Reynolds Experiment (1883). Osborne Reynolds standing beside his apparatus. In 1883, scientist Osborne Reynolds conducted a fluid dynamics experiment involving water and dye, where he adjusted the velocities of the fluids and observed the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, characterized by the formation of eddies and vortices. [5]

4. Hemodynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics

   A Reynolds number of less than 2300 is laminar fluid flow, which is characterized by constant flow motion, whereas a value of over 4000, is represented as turbulent flow. [16] Due to its smaller radius and lowest velocity compared to other vessels, the Reynolds number at the capillaries is very low, resulting in laminar instead of turbulent flow.

5. Biofluid dynamics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofluid_dynamics

   Turbulent flow is present in circumstances under which Re > 4000. The range of 2000 < Re < 4000 is known as the transition range. Most blood flow in humans is laminar, having a Re of 300 or less, it is possible for turbulence to occur at very high flow rates in the descending aorta, for example, in highly conditioned athletes. Turbulence is ...

6. Heart rate turbulence - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate_turbulence

   Heart rate turbulence (HRT) is a baroreflex-mediated adjustment of heart rate which acts as a counter-mechanism to premature ventricular contraction (PVC). [1] It consists of a brief speed-up in heart rate, followed by a slow decrease back to the baseline rate.

7. Reynolds number - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number

   With respect to laminar and turbulent flow regimes: laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid motion; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow instabilities ...