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Caffenol is a photographic alternative process whereby phenols, sodium carbonate and optionally vitamin C are used in aqueous solution as a film and print photographic developer. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Other basic (as opposed to acidic ) chemicals can be used in place of sodium carbonate; however, sodium carbonate is the most common.
1809 – Gay-Lussac's law, a gas law relating temperature and pressure. 1811 – Avogadro's law, a gas law relating volume and amount of substance. 1819 – Edward Daniel Clarke invents the hydrogen gas blowpipe. 1820 – W. Cecil writes a letter, "On the application of hydrogen gas to produce a moving power in machinery". [6] [7]
He also recorded the differences in weight between freshwater and saline water, and between hot water and cold water. [ citation needed ] During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical measure , [ 6 ] in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced.
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.
Because the energy per unit mass of liquid in a well-mixed reservoir is uniform throughout, Bernoulli's equation can be used to analyze the fluid flow everywhere in that reservoir (including pipes or flow fields that the reservoir feeds) except where viscous forces dominate and erode the energy per unit mass. [6]: Example 3.5 and p.116
By 1941, principally through the efforts of the Cooperative Fuel Research Committee, the number of grades for aviation fuels was reduced to three: 73, 91, and 100 octane. [ 39 ] The development of 100-octane aviation gasoline on an economic scale was due in part to Jimmy Doolittle , who had become Aviation Manager of Shell Oil Company.
In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids – liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of water and other liquids in motion).
The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general. Due to the relevance of thermodynamics in much of science and technology, its history is finely woven with the developments of classical mechanics, quantum mechanics, magnetism, and chemical kinetics, to more distant applied fields such as ...