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Since the S N 1 reaction involves formation of an unstable carbocation intermediate in the rate-determining step (RDS), anything that can facilitate this process will speed up the reaction. The normal solvents of choice are both polar (to stabilize ionic intermediates in general) and protic solvents (to solvate the leaving group in particular).
Reverse electron flow (also known as reverse electron transport) is a mechanism in microbial metabolism. Chemolithotrophs using an electron donor with a higher redox potential than NAD(P) + /NAD(P)H , such as nitrite or sulfur compounds, must use energy to reduce NAD(P) + .
In the second step, the nucleophilic reagent (Nuc:) attaches to the carbocation and forms a covalent sigma bond. If the substrate has a chiral carbon, this mechanism can result in either inversion of the stereochemistry or retention of configuration. Usually, both occur without preference. The result is racemization.
Bacteria and archaea also can use chemiosmosis to generate ATP. Cyanobacteria, green sulfur bacteria, and purple bacteria synthesize ATP by a process called photophosphorylation. [6] [7] These bacteria use the energy of light to create a proton gradient using a photosynthetic electron transport chain.
The synthesis of bacterial cellulose is a multistep process that involve two main mechanisms: the synthesis of uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPGIc), followed by the polymerization of glucose into long and unbranched chains (the β-1→4 glucan chain) by cellulose synthase. Specifics on the cellulose synthesis has been extensively documented.
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In the Walden inversion, the backside attack by the nucleophile in an S N 2 reaction gives rise to a product whose configuration is opposite to the reactant. Therefore, during S N 2 reaction, 100% inversion of product takes place. This is known as Walden inversion. It was first observed by chemist Paul Walden in 1896.
In fact, eating a bigger serving of protein in one meal can keep your body’s muscle-building process going for longer, without much being wasted. So, whether you spread it out or eat it all at ...