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Rich Benjamin's book, Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America, reveals the state of residential, educational, and social segregation. In analyzing racial and class segregation, the book documents the migration of white Americans from urban centers to small-town, exurban, and rural communities.
Redlining is part of how white communities in America maintained some level of racial segregation. It is the practice of denying or increasing the cost of services, such as mortgages, banking, insurance, access to jobs, [ 136 ] access to health care, or even supermarkets [ 137 ] to residents in certain, often racially determined, [ 138 ] areas.
This era is sometimes referred to as the nadir of American race relations because racism, segregation, racial discrimination, and expressions of White supremacy all increased. So did anti-Black violence, including race riots such as the Atlanta race riot of 1906, the Elaine massacre of 1919, the Tulsa race massacre of 1921, and the Rosewood ...
Additionally, the work notes that 24% of respondents of a Gallup Poll conducted in 1961 were in favor of the Freedom Rides, while 66% of the respondents of the same poll believed that racial segregation in bus transportation should be abolished; by the time the book was published, reception was highly positive to the Freedom Rides. [9]
Racial residential segregation doubled from 1880 to 1940. [59] Southern urban areas were the most segregated. [59] Segregation was highly correlated with lynchings of African-Americans. [60] Segregation adversely affected both black and white homeownership rates, [61] as well as caused higher crime rates. [62]
The third chapter covers policies of "racial zoning", where local zoning ordinances lead to the segregation of white and black neighborhoods. [10] Chapter four discusses a program by the US government, the Own-Your-Own-Home campaign, that systematically made it easier for white people to buy and pay off new homes in suburbs in the early 1900s ...
De jure segregation was outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. [12] In specific areas, however, segregation was barred earlier by the Warren Court in decisions such as the Brown v. Board of Education decision that overturned school segregation in the United States.
His ranking matched the order in which segregation later fell. First, legal segregation in the armed forces, then segregation in education and in basic public services, then restrictions on the voting rights of African-Americans. These victories were ensured by the Civil Rights Act of 1964. But the bans on interracial marriage were the last to ...