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The C++ Standard Library is based upon conventions introduced by the Standard Template Library (STL), and has been influenced by research in generic programming and developers of the STL such as Alexander Stepanov and Meng Lee. [4] [5] Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other.
In C++, by contrast, objects are copied automatically whenever a function takes an object argument by value or returns an object by value. Additionally, due to the lack of garbage collection in C++, programs will frequently copy an object whenever the ownership and lifetime of a single shared object would be unclear.
The following presents examples for one of the most widely used object-oriented languages, Java, which should cover nearly every way that an object-oriented language can treat this problem. Unlike in C++, objects in Java are always accessed indirectly through references. Objects are never created implicitly but instead are always passed or ...
Java: Application, business, client-side, general, mobile development, server-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Concurrent De facto standard via Java Language Specification JavaScript: Client-side, server-side, web Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes prototype-based: Yes 1997-2022, ECMA-262: Joy: Research No No Yes No No No Stack-oriented No jq "awk for ...
If the language in question uses automatic memory management, the custom destructor (generally called a finalizer in this context) that is called is certain to be the appropriate one for the object in question. For example, if an object of type Wolf that inherits Animal is created, and both have custom destructors, the one called will be the ...
For this purpose, the C++11 standard library defines the smart pointer classes std::unique_ptr for single-owned objects and std::shared_ptr for objects with shared ownership. Similar classes are also available through std::auto_ptr in C++98, and boost::shared_ptr in the Boost libraries. Also, messages can be sent to network resources using RAII.
Java and C++ are two prominent object-oriented programming languages.By many language popularity metrics, the two languages have dominated object-oriented and high-performance software development for much of the 21st century, and are often directly compared and contrasted.
The C programming language manages memory statically, automatically, or dynamically.Static-duration variables are allocated in main memory, usually along with the executable code of the program, and persist for the lifetime of the program; automatic-duration variables are allocated on the stack and come and go as functions are called and return.