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Potassium-40 (40 K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a long half-life of 1.25 billion years. It makes up about 0.012% (120 ppm ) of the total amount of potassium found in nature. Potassium-40 undergoes three types of radioactive decay .
The 40 K / 39 K ratio in nature is constant so the 40 K is rarely measured directly, but is assumed to be 0.0117% of the total potassium. Unless some other process is active at the time of cooling, this is a very good assumption for terrestrial samples. [5] The radiogenic argon measured in a sample was produced by in situ decay of 40 K
Argon–argon (or 40 Ar/ 39 Ar) dating is a radiometric dating method invented to supersede potassium–argon (K/Ar) dating in accuracy. The older method required splitting samples into two for separate potassium and argon measurements, while the newer method requires only one rock fragment or mineral grain and uses a single measurement of argon isotopes.
Potassium has three naturally occurring isotopes: stable 39 K, 41 K and radioactive 40 K. 40 K exhibits dual decay: through β-decay (E = 1.33 MeV), 89% of 40 K decays to 40 Ca, and the rest decays to 40 Ar via electron capture (E = 1.46 MeV). [1] While 40 K comprises only 0.001167% of total potassium mass, 40 Ca makes up 96.9821% of total ...
19 K) has 25 known isotopes from 34 K to 57 K as well as 31 K, as well as an unconfirmed report of 59 K. [3] Three of those isotopes occur naturally: the two stable forms 39 K (93.3%) and 41 K (6.7%), and a very long-lived radioisotope 40 K (0.012%) Naturally occurring radioactive 40 K decays with a half-life of 1.248×10 9 years. 89% of those ...
All other isotopes have half-lives of less than two hours, and most less than one minute. The naturally occurring 40 K, with a half-life of 1.248 × 10 9 years, decays to stable 40 Ar by electron capture (10.72%) and by positron emission (0.001%), and also transforms to stable 40 Ca via beta decay (89.28%).
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Archaeological materials, such as bone, organic residues, hair, or sea shells, can serve as substrates for isotopic analysis. Carbon, nitrogen and zinc isotope ratios are used to investigate the diets of past people; these isotopic systems can be used with others, such as strontium or oxygen, to answer questions about population movements and cultural interactions, such as trade.