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Total body disruption is the most severe and invariably fatal primary injury. [2] Primary injuries are especially likely when a person is close to an exploding munition, such as a land mine. [3] The ears are most often affected by the overpressure, followed by the lungs and the hollow organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
The main causes of death and disablement in this state are thermal burns and the failure of structures resulting from the blast effect. Injury from the pressure wave is minimal in contrast because the human body can survive up to 2 bar (30 psi) while most buildings can withstand only a 0.8 bar (12 psi) blast.
These waves mostly damage junctions between tissues of different densities (bone and muscle) or the interface between tissue and air. Lungs and the abdominal cavity, which contain air, are particularly injured. The damage causes severe hemorrhaging or air embolisms, either of which can be rapidly fatal. The overpressure estimated to damage ...
Damage to the sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum from direct trauma or high force production causes a high influx of calcium ions into the muscle fibers increasing calcium permeability. Calcium ions build up in the mitochondria , impairing cellular respiration. [ 7 ]
The muscle damage is most usually caused by a crush injury, strenuous exercise, medications, or a substance use disorder. [3] Other causes include infections , electrical injury , heat stroke , prolonged immobilization, lack of blood flow to a limb , or snake bites [ 3 ] as well as intense or prolonged exercise, particularly in hot conditions ...
The human body can survive relatively high blast overpressure without experiencing barotrauma. A 5 psi blast overpressure will rupture eardrums in about 1% of subjects, and a 45 psi overpressure will cause eardrum rupture in about 99% of all subjects. The threshold for lung damage occurs at about 15 psi blast overpressure.
The generation of heat in large quantities accompanies most explosive chemical reactions. The exceptions are called entropic explosives and include organic peroxides such as acetone peroxide. [6] It is the rapid liberation of heat that causes the gaseous products of most explosive reactions to expand and generate high pressures. This rapid ...
The most immediate injury caused by asphyxia is hypoxia, which can in turn cause acute lung injury or acute respiratory distress syndrome as well as damage to the circulatory system. The most severe injury associated with asphyxiation is cerebral hypoxia and ischemia , in which the brain receives insufficient oxygen or blood, resulting in ...