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Case-hardening or carburization is the process of introducing carbon to the surface of a low-carbon iron, or more commonly a low-carbon steel object, in order to harden the surface. Iron which has a carbon content greater than ~0.02% is known as steel .
Cold hardening is a process in which a plant undergoes physiological changes to avoid, or mitigate cellular injuries caused by sub-zero temperatures. [1] Non-acclimatized individuals can survive −5 °C, while an acclimatized individual in the same species can survive −30 °C.
Heat treatment involves the use of heating or chilling, normally to extreme temperatures, to achieve the desired result such as hardening or softening of a material. Heat treatment techniques include annealing, case hardening, precipitation strengthening, tempering, carburizing, normalizing and quenching.
Carburization can be used to increase the surface hardness of low carbon steel. [3] Early carburization used a direct application of charcoal packed around the sample to be treated (initially referred to as case hardening), but modern techniques use carbon-bearing gases or plasmas (such as carbon dioxide or methane). The process depends ...
Case hardening is a weathering phenomenon of rock surface induration. It is observed commonly in: felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite , phonolite and trachyte ; pyroclastic rocks , as pyroclastic flow deposit, fine air-fall deposits and vent-filling pyroclastic deposits; sedimentary rocks , as sandstone and mudstone .
Quench polish quench (QPQ) is a specialized type of nitrocarburizing case hardening that increases corrosion resistance. It is sometimes known by the brand name of Tufftride, Tenifer or Melonite. [1] Three steps are involved: nitrocarburize ("quench"), polish, and post-oxidize ("quench"). [2]
3. Keebler Fudge Magic Middles. Neither the chocolate fudge cream inside a shortbread cookie nor versions with peanut butter or chocolate chip crusts survived.
Case-hardening, differential hardening, shot peening – creating a wear-resistant surface; Casting – shaping of a liquid material by pouring it into moulds and letting it solidify; Die cutting – A "forme" or "die" is pressed onto a flat material in order to cut, score, punch and otherwise shape the material