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The Pearl Index, also called the Pearl rate, is the most common technique used in clinical trials for reporting the effectiveness of a birth control method. It is a very approximate measure of the number of unintended pregnancies in 100 woman-years of exposure that is simple to calculate, but has a number of methodological deficiencies.
Quantification of profound developments regarding the prevalence of contraception can be achieved by looking at the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR). It takes into account all sources of supply and all contraceptive methods. [3] In less than forty years, the CPR increased from 8% in 1975 to 62% in 2014.
It needs to be fitted by a medical professional. It has a failure rate of 17%. [1] A contraceptive sponge is another contraceptive method. Like the diaphragm, the contraceptive sponge contains spermicide and is inserted into the vagina and placed over the cervix to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. The sponge must be kept in place 6 hours ...
Contraceptive use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa has risen from about 5% in 1991 to about 30% in 2006. [7] However, due to extreme poverty, lack of access to birth control, and restrictive abortion laws, many women still resort to clandestine abortion providers for unintended pregnancy, resulting in about 3% obtaining unsafe abortions each year.
The PPV and NPV are not intrinsic to the test (as true positive rate and true negative rate are); they depend also on the prevalence. [2] Both PPV and NPV can be derived using Bayes' theorem . Although sometimes used synonymously, a positive predictive value generally refers to what is established by control groups, while a post-test ...
is the average number of people infected from one other person. For example, Ebola has an of two, so on average, a person who has Ebola will pass it on to two other people.. In epidemiology, the basic reproduction number, or basic reproductive number (sometimes called basic reproduction ratio or basic reproductive rate), denoted (pronounced R nought or R zero), [1] of an infection is the ...
Incidence is usually more useful than prevalence in understanding the disease etiology: for example, if the incidence rate of a disease in a population increases, then there is a risk factor that promotes the incidence. For example, consider a disease that takes a long time to cure and was widespread in 2002 but dissipated in 2003.
Modern contraceptives using steroid hormones have perfect-use or method failure rates of less than 1% per year. The lowest failure rates are seen with the implants Jadelle and Implanon, at 0.05% per year. [9] [10] According to Contraceptive Technology, none of these methods has a failure rate greater than 0.3% per year. [10]