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Delocalizing the radical ion stabilizes the transition state structure. As a result, the energy of activation decreases, enhancing the rate of the overall reaction. According to the captodative effect, the rate of a reaction is the greatest when both the EDG and EWG are able to delocalize the radical ion in the transition state structure. [7]
An electron-withdrawing group (EWG) is a group or atom that has the ability to draw electron density toward itself and away from other adjacent atoms. [1] This electron density transfer is often achieved by resonance or inductive effects.
An electron donating group (EDG) or electron releasing group (ERG, Z in structural formulas) is an atom or functional group that donates some of its electron density into a conjugated π system via resonance (mesomerism) or inductive effects (or induction)—called +M or +I effects, respectively—thus making the π system more nucleophilic.
An electric effect influences the structure, reactivity, or properties of a molecule but is neither a traditional bond nor a steric effect. [1] In organic chemistry, the term stereoelectronic effect is also used to emphasize the relation between the electronic structure and the geometry (stereochemistry) of a molecule.
promise of abundant, low-cost fuels will give a competitive edge to industries from steel, aluminum and automobiles to fertilizers and chemicals.” (Asjylyn Loder, “America’s Energy Seen Adding 3.6 Million Jobs Along With 3% GDP,” Bloomberg, 8/13/12)
MEXICO CITY (Reuters) -Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum on Tuesday warned U.S. President-elect Donald Trump of dire economic consequences for both countries from tariffs and suggested possible ...
Principles of Economics [1] is an introductory economics textbook by Harvard economics professor N. Gregory Mankiw. It was first published in 1997 and has ten editions as of 2024. [ 2 ] The book was discussed before its publication for the large advance Mankiw received for it from its publisher Harcourt [ 3 ] and has sold over a million copies ...
The new report notes that “culturally relevant eating recommendations help promote better adherence and support the uptake of dietary guidance by providing individuals with foods that align with ...
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