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As an inexpensive, nontoxic base, it is widely used in diverse application to regulate pH or as a reagent. Examples include as buffering agent in medications, an additive in winemaking. Potassium bicarbonate is often added to bottled water to improve taste, [7] and is also used in club soda.
The anion gap is a calculated measure. It is computed with a formula that uses the results of several individual lab tests, each of which measures the concentration of a specific anion or cation. The concentrations are expressed in units of milliequivalents/liter (mEq/L) or in millimoles/litre (mmol/L).
the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a CO 2 of 5.33 kPa, full oxygen saturation and 37 Celsius. [15] Base excess: −2 to +2 mmol/L The base excess is used for the assessment of the metabolic component of acid-base disorders, and indicates whether the person has metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis. Contrasted with the bicarbonate ...
28–29 mEq of lactate ion = 28 mmol L −1; 4–5 mEq of potassium ion = 4 mmol L −1; 2–3 mEq of calcium ion = 1.5 mmol L −1; Ringer's lactate has an osmolarity of 273 mOsm L −1 [14] and a pH of 6.5. [10] The lactate is metabolized into bicarbonate by the liver, which can help correct metabolic acidosis.
Ringer's solution typically contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate, with the last used to buffer the pH. Other additions can include chemical fuel sources for cells, including ATP and dextrose , as well as antibiotics and antifungals.
It is used to aid in the differential diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. [2] The term "anion gap" without qualification usually implies serum anion gap. The "urine anion gap" is a different measure, principally used to determine whether the kidneys are capable of appropriately acidifying urine.
Typically, a saline solution is used, with 20–40 meq/L KCl per liter over 3–4 hours. [31] Giving IV potassium at faster rates (20–25 meq/hr) may inadvertently expose the heart to a sudden increase in potassium, potentially causing dangerous abnormal heart rhythms such as heart block or asystole. [25]
The NKF/KDOQI guidelines recommend starting treatment when serum bicarbonate levels are <22 mEq/L, in order to maintain levels ≥ 22 mEq/L. [9] [10] Studies investigating the effects of oral alkali therapy demonstrated improvements in serum bicarbonate levels, resulting in a slower decline in kidney function, and reduction in proteinuria ...
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