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To convert from / to / ... Chlorobenzene: 25.77 0.1453 Chloroethane: 11.05 0.08651 ... Toluene: 24.38 0.1463 1-1-1-Trichloroethane [2]
Industrially, the diazonium method is reserved for 3-chlorotoluene. The industrial route to 2- and 4-chlorotoluene entails direct reaction of toluene with chlorine. The more valuable 4-chlorotoluene is separated from 2-chlorotoluene by distillation. Distillation cannot be applied to separating 3-chlorotoluene from 4-chlorotoluene. [2]
Benzyl chloride is prepared industrially by the gas-phase photochemical reaction of toluene with chlorine: [3] C 6 H 5 CH 3 + Cl 2 → C 6 H 5 CH 2 Cl + HCl. In this way, approximately 100,000 tonnes are produced annually. The reaction proceeds by the free radical process, involving the intermediacy of free chlorine atoms. [4]
Chlorobenzene (abbreviated PhCl) is an aryl chloride and the simplest of the chlorobenzenes, consisting of a benzene ring substituted with one chlorine atom. Its chemical formula is C 6 H 5 Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.
The same conversion can be effected with elemental bromine in the presence of UV light or even sunlight. Toluene may also be brominated by treating it with HBr and H 2 O 2 in the presence of light. [31] C 6 H 5 CH 3 + Br 2 → C 6 H 5 CH 2 Br + HBr. Benzoic acid and benzaldehyde are produced commercially by partial oxidation of toluene with oxygen.
Reaction of toluene to produce benzene and xylene. Transalkylation, as used by the petrochemical industry, is often used to convert toluene into benzene and xylenes. This is achieved through a disproportionation reaction of toluene in which one toluene molecule transfers its methyl group to another one. The reaction is not selective, and the ...
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The process, which is catalyzed by platinum supported by aluminium oxide, is exemplified in the conversion methylcyclohexane (a naphthene) into toluene (an aromatic). [2] Dehydrocyclization converts paraffins (acyclic hydrocarbons) into aromatics. [3] A related aromatization process includes dehydroisomerization of methylcyclopentane to benzene: