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Brainwave entrainment, also referred to as brainwave synchronization or neural entrainment, refers to the observation that brainwaves (large-scale electrical oscillations in the brain) will naturally synchronize to the rhythm of periodic external stimuli, such as flickering lights, [1] speech, [2] music, [3] or tactile stimuli.
During their first task session, before hypnosis, there were no significant differences in brain activity between the groups. But under hypnosis, Gruzelier found that the highly susceptible subjects showed significantly more brain activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus than the weakly susceptible subjects.
The core body and brain temperatures increase during REM sleep and skin temperature decreases to lowest values. [1] The REM phase is also known as paradoxical sleep (PS) and sometimes desynchronized sleep or dreamy sleep, [2] because of physiological similarities to waking states including rapid, low-voltage desynchronized brain waves.
Touch, photic and auditory stimulation are capable of affecting brain wave activity. A large area of skin must be stimulated to affect brainwaves, which leaves both auditory and photic stimulation as the most effective and easiest means of affecting brain activity. Therefore, mind machines are typically in the form of light and sound devices. [1]
In rats, theta wave rhythmicity is easily observed in the hippocampus, but can also be detected in numerous other cortical and subcortical brain structures. Hippocampal theta waves, with a frequency range of 6–10 Hz, appear when a rat is engaged in active motor behavior such as walking or exploratory sniffing, and also during REM sleep. [3]
The brain concentration of glycogen increases during sleep, and is depleted through metabolism during wakefulness. [ 93 ] The human organism physically restores itself during sleep, occurring mostly during slow-wave sleep during which body temperature, heart rate, and brain oxygen consumption decrease.
Hypnagogia is the transitional state from wakefulness to sleep, also defined as the waning state of consciousness during the onset of sleep. (Its corresponding state is hypnopompia –sleep to wakefulness.) Mental phenomena that may occur during this "threshold consciousness" include hallucinations, lucid dreaming, and sleep paralysis.
Alpha waves are reduced with open eyes and sleep, while they are enhanced during drowsiness. Alpha waves measured over parieto-occipital areas during periods of eyes closed are the strongest EEG brain signals. [5] Historically, alpha waves were thought to represent the activity of the visual cortex in an idle state.