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APB is designed for low bandwidth control accesses, for example register interfaces on system peripherals. This bus has an address and data phase similar to AHB, but a much reduced, low complexity signal list (for example no bursts). Furthermore, it is an interface designed for a low frequency system with a low bit width (32 bits).
This was an early example of a medium-scale integrated circuit. Another popular chip was the SCN2651 from the Signetics 2650 family. An example of an early 1980s UART was the National Semiconductor 8250 used in the original IBM PC's Asynchronous Communications Adapter card. [5] In the 1990s, newer UARTs were developed with on-chip buffers.
AXI-Lite bus is an AXI bus that only supports a single ID thread per initiator. This bus is typically used for an end point that only needs to communicate with a single initiator device at a time, for example, a simple peripheral such as a UART. In contrast, a CPU is capable of initiating transactions to multiple peripherals and address spaces ...
The 16550 UART (universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter) is an integrated circuit designed for implementing the interface for serial communications. The corrected -A version was released in 1987 by National Semiconductor . [ 1 ]
Once a UART, and a timer if necessary, has been configured, the programmer needs only write a simple interrupt routine to refill the send shift register whenever the last bit is shifted out by the UART and/or empty the full receive shift register (copy the data somewhere else). The main program then performs serial reads and writes simply by ...
The 8250 UART was used in several 8-bit computers at least since 1978. IBM used the 8250 UART in the IBM PC (1981). The 8250A and 8250B revisions were later released, and the 16450 was introduced with the IBM Personal Computer/AT (1984). The main difference between releases was the maximum communication speed. [4]
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When start bit length is used to determine the baud rate, it requires the character to be odd since UART sends LSB bit first – this particular bit order scheme is referred to as little-endian. [2] Often symbols 'a' or 'A' (0x61 or 0x41) are used. For example, the MPC8270 SCC tries to detect the length of the UART start bit for autobaud.