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This technology was first developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and patented in 1993. In 1996, the ExOne Company was granted an exclusive field-of-use patent for the technology, [2] while Z Corporation, which was later acquired by 3D Systems, [3] obtained a non-exclusive patent for use of the technology for metal casting purposes. [4]
3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. [1] [2] [3] It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, [4] with the material being added together (such as plastics, liquids or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.
Computer-aided design (CAD) model used for 3D printing. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting. 3D scanning is a process of collecting digital data on the shape and appearance of a real object, creating a digital model based on it.
Electron-beam additive manufacturing, or electron-beam melting (EBM) is a type of additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, for metal parts.The raw material (metal powder or wire) is placed under a vacuum and fused together from heating by an electron beam.
An example of how 3D printing can be included in the design process is automotive design. [19] There, it is necessary to quickly test and verify a prototype to get the design approved for production. The reduced post-processing steps induced by the multi-material 3D printing technology result in a shorter fabrication time.
The filament is fed into the FDM 3D printer. The thermoplastic is heated past its glass transition temperature inside the hotend. The filament is extruded and deposited by an extrusion head onto a build platform where it cools. The process is continuous, building up layers to create the model.
Two basic systems were developed to drive the tape across the recording head: spool drive and capstan-drive. [11] [12] Most tape recorders move the tape by pinching and pulling it between a motorized capstan, a rotating metal shaft or spindle, and a larger rubber idler roller, called a pinch wheel or pinch roller. This ensures tape speed ...
The term "spool" may originate with the Simultaneous Peripheral Operations On-Line [2] [3] (SPOOL) software; [4] this derivation is uncertain, however. Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line may be a backronym. [5] [verification needed] Another explanation is that it refers to "spools" or reels of magnetic tape, although “spool” is an ...