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An example of gridded data would be a satellite image of forest density that has been digitized on a grid. An example of a point set would be the latitude/longitude coordinates of all elm trees in a particular plot of land. More complicated forms of data include marked point sets and spatial time series.
Spatial statistics is a field of applied statistics dealing with spatial data. It involves stochastic processes ( random fields , point processes ), sampling , smoothing and interpolation , regional ( areal unit ) and lattice ( gridded ) data, point patterns , as well as image analysis and stereology .
Geospatial and hydrospatial analysis, or just spatial analysis, [70] is an approach to applying statistical analysis and other analytic techniques to data which has a geographical or spatial aspect.
There are also many different types of geodata, including vector files, raster files, geographic databases, web files, and multi-temporal data. Spatial data or spatial information is broader class of data whose geometry is relevant but it is not necessarily georeferenced, such as in computer-aided design (CAD), see geometric modeling.
Because the world is much more complex than can be represented in a computer, all geospatial data are incomplete approximations of the world. [9] Thus, most geospatial data models encode some form of strategy for collecting a finite sample of an often infinite domain, and a structure to organize the sample in such a way as to enable interpolation of the nature of the unsampled portion.
Geostatistics is a branch of statistics focusing on spatial or spatiotemporal datasets.Developed originally to predict probability distributions of ore grades for mining operations, [1] it is currently applied in diverse disciplines including petroleum geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, meteorology, oceanography, geochemistry, geometallurgy, geography, forestry, environmental control, landscape ...
For example, biodiversity such as the density of species of plants and animals is high near the surface, so if the identically divided height or depth is used as a spatial unit, it is more likely to find fewer number of the plant and animal species as the height or depth increases.
This is a list of GIS data sources (including some geoportals) that provide information sets that can be used in geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial databases for purposes of geospatial analysis and cartographic mapping. This list categorizes the sources of interest.